Tanjore Painting

Tanjore painting is a traditional art form that originated in the town of Thanjavur  in Tamil Nadu, India, during the 16th century. It is a highly decorated and intricate style of painting that is characterized by the use of rich colors, gold foil, and semi-precious stones to create works of art that are beautiful and highly detailed. Tanjore paintings typically depict Hindu deities, saints, and traditional scenes, and are often used for religious purposes, such as in temples or home shrines. They are painted on wooden panels that are first coated with a mixture of chalk powder and glue, which is then polished to a smooth finish. The painting itself is done using a combination of mineral colors, vegetable dyes, and gold foil, which is applied using a special adhesive.

The technique used to create a Tanjore painting involves multiple layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before the next one is added. The first layer consists of a sketch of the subject, which is then filled in with colors and gold foil. The final layer is a thin coating of resin, which not only adds to the overall shine of the painting but also protects it from damage.

Tanjore paintings are known for their intricate details, vibrant colors, and use of gold foil and semi-precious stones. They are highly valued for their artistic beauty, religious significance, and cultural heritage, and are considered to be one of the finest examples of Indian traditional art.

Tanjore paintings origin :

Tanjore paintings, also known as Thanjavur paintings, have their origin in the town of Thanjavur (Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu, South India. This art form emerged during the 16th century, under the patronage of the Nayak rulers of the Thanjavur region.

Tanjore paintings were initially created as religious art, primarily for the purpose of adorning temples and palaces. The paintings were commissioned by the rulers and aristocrats to depict Hindu deities, mythological scenes, and saints. Over time, this art form gained popularity and spread to other parts of Tamil Nadu and neighboring regions.The unique style of Tanjore paintings combines elements from various art forms, including indigenous Dravidian art, Vijayanagara art, and influences from Maratha and European art. The distinctive features of Tanjore paintings include the use of bold and vibrant colors, gold leaf or foil embellishments, and the incorporation of semi-precious stones.

The artists who create Tanjore paintings are traditionally from the Thanjavur region and belong to specific guilds or communities, such as the Naidus and the Sthapatis. The skills and techniques of Tanjore painting have been passed down through generations within these communities. 

Today, Tanjore paintings continue to be cherished and admired as a significant part of India's artistic heritage. They are recognized for their intricate details, religious symbolism, and the use of precious materials. Tanjore paintings are not only valued for their aesthetic beauty but also considered a cultural treasure that reflects the rich traditions and artistic legacy of Tamil Nadu.

Style and technique of tanjore paintings :

The style and technique of Tanjore paintings are distinctive and characterized by their intricate details, vibrant colors, gold leaf embellishments, and the use of semi-precious stones. Here are some key aspects of the style and technique of Tanjore paintings:

Rich and Vibrant Colors: Tanjore paintings are known for their use of bold and vivid colors. The colors used are often derived from natural sources, such as vegetable dyes and mineral pigments. Traditional colors include bright hues like red, blue, green, yellow, and gold.

Gold Leaf Embellishments: One of the most recognizable features of Tanjore paintings is the application of gold leaf or gold foil. The gold leaf is carefully cut into desired shapes and sizes and affixed to the painting using an adhesive. Gold foil is used to highlight jewelry, clothing, ornaments, architectural details, and divine halos. The use of gold leaf adds a rich and radiant quality to the artwork.

Semi-Precious Stones: Tanjore paintings often incorporate the use of semi-precious stones to enhance their beauty. Pearls, rubies, emeralds, and other colorful gemstones are embedded into the painting to create intricate patterns, add sparkle, and provide further ornamentation.

Iconic Subjects: Tanjore paintings typically depict religious and mythological themes. The subjects of the paintings are predominantly Hindu gods, goddesses, saints, and mythological characters. These subjects are rendered with great attention to detail and religious symbolism.

Three-Dimensional Effect: Tanjore paintings often incorporate a three-dimensional effect by adding relief work to certain areas of the artwork. The relief work is created by applying a mixture of chalk powder and glue onto the painting surface. This technique gives a raised texture to elements such as jewelry, clothing, and decorative motifs, adding depth and dimension to the artwork.

Intricate Details: Tanjore paintings are known for their intricate details and fine brushwork. The artists meticulously paint facial expressions, ornate jewelry, intricate clothing patterns, and decorative elements with precision and attention to detail.

Traditional Techniques: Tanjore paintings adhere to traditional techniques that have been passed down through generations. The process involves multiple layers, including the preparation of the base, sketching, painting, application of gold leaf, addition of stones, and a final protective varnish.

The style and technique of Tanjore paintings require skill, patience, and a deep understanding of the art form's traditional practices. The result is a visually stunning and culturally significant artwork that embodies the artistic heritage of Tanjore.

How Tanjore paintings are created :

Tanjore paintings are created through a meticulous and intricate process that involves several steps. Here is a general overview of how Tanjore paintings are traditionally made:

Preparation of the base: A wooden board or panel is selected as the base for the painting. The board is usually made of seasoned wood and treated to prevent warping or damage. The surface of the board is coated with a mixture of limestone powder and glue (typically made from tamarind seed or Arabic gum), which is applied in several layers. After each layer, the surface is smoothed and polished to achieve a smooth texture.

Sketching the subject: Once the base is prepared, the artist sketches the subject of the painting using charcoal or pencil. The sketch serves as a guide for the subsequent stages.

Adding relief work: One distinctive feature of Tanjore paintings is the use of embossed or raised portions to create a three-dimensional effect. The artist adds this relief work by applying a mixture of chalk powder and glue on specific areas of the painting, such as jewelry, clothing, or decorative elements. The mixture is molded and shaped according to the desired design.

Painting: The artist begins painting the main subject and the background using natural dyes and pigments. Traditionally, vegetable dyes were used, but today, artists may also employ poster colors or acrylic paints. The colors are carefully chosen to achieve a vibrant and harmonious composition. The artist employs intricate brushwork to add fine details and shading to the painting.

Applying gold foil: Gold leaf or gold foil is an integral part of Tanjore paintings, providing a luxurious and radiant effect. The artist carefully cuts gold foil into required shapes and sizes, and applies them onto the painting using a special adhesive made from lime and Arabic gum. The gold foil is typically used to highlight jewelry, clothing, ornaments, or divine halos.

Stone embellishments: Semi-precious stones, such as pearls, rubies, emeralds, and other colorful gemstones, are added to the painting to enhance its ornamental beauty. The stones are embedded into the painting using the adhesive, creating intricate patterns and adding further embellishment to the artwork.

Final touches and protection: Once the painting is complete, a final layer of varnish or lacquer is applied to protect the artwork, enhance its sheen, and prevent damage from moisture or dust. The varnish also helps to bring out the colors and gives the painting a polished finish.

It's important to note that the process may vary slightly depending on the artist's preferences and style. Each Tanjore painting is a unique work of art, showcasing the artist's creativity, skill, and attention to detail.

Ancient times and tanjore painting :

Tanjore painting, also known as Thanjavur painting, has its roots in ancient times in the region of Thanjavur (Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu, India. While the exact origins of the art form are not well-documented, it is believed to have evolved from earlier forms of South Indian classical art.

The region of Thanjavur has a rich cultural history that dates back centuries. It was an important center of art, culture, and religion, attracting artists, scholars, and patrons. The art of painting flourished in Thanjavur, with influences from various artistic traditions, including indigenous Dravidian art, the Vijayanagara Empire, and the Maratha rulers.

During ancient times, Tanjore painting served religious and cultural purposes. The paintings were primarily created to depict Hindu deities, mythological scenes, and religious narratives. They were used in temples, palaces, and religious shrines as a means of worship and devotion. 

The materials and techniques used in ancient Tanjore paintings were similar to those employed in later periods. The paintings were typically executed on wooden panels, which were prepared with a mixture of chalk powder and glue to create a smooth surface. Natural dyes and pigments were used for coloring, and gold leaf or foil was applied to add a touch of opulence. Semi-precious stones were also incorporated to enhance the aesthetic appeal.

In ancient times, Tanjore painting was primarily practiced by skilled artists who belonged to specific guilds or communities. These artists received patronage from the ruling classes and aristocracy, who commissioned the paintings to adorn temples, palaces, and private residences.Over time, Tanjore painting evolved and flourished, with artists incorporating new techniques and styles. The art form continued to thrive under different dynasties and rulers, including the Nayakas, Marathas, and the British colonial era.

Today, Tanjore painting is considered a significant part of India's artistic heritage. It has retained its traditional techniques and aesthetics while also incorporating contemporary influences. Ancient Tanjore paintings serve as a testament to the artistic prowess and cultural legacy of the region, preserving the rich artistic traditions of Tamil Nadu.

Mordenization  and Tanjore Painting:

Tanjore painting, as a traditional art form, has also undergone modernization and adaptation to contemporary times while retaining its core elements and techniques. Here are some ways in which Tanjore painting has embraced modernization:

Subject Matter: While traditional Tanjore paintings primarily depicted Hindu deities and mythological scenes, modern Tanjore artists have expanded the subject matter to include a wider range of themes. Today, you can find Tanjore paintings featuring landscapes, portraits, still life, abstract concepts, and even custom designs based on individual preferences.

Experimentation with Colors: While traditional Tanjore paintings utilized natural dyes and pigments, modern artists have introduced a broader color palette, including synthetic pigments and acrylic paints. This allows for a greater variety of shades and hues, providing more flexibility in color choices.

Contemporary Designs and Styles: Alongside the traditional designs and motifs, modern Tanjore paintings often incorporate contemporary design elements and styles. Artists experiment with innovative compositions, fusion of different art forms, and incorporation of modern patterns and motifs to create unique and visually appealing artworks.

Use of Different Materials: While traditional Tanjore paintings were predominantly executed on wooden panels, modern artists have explored alternative surfaces such as canvas, handmade paper, and even unconventional materials like glass and ceramics. This experimentation expands the possibilities of Tanjore painting in terms of size, texture, and presentation.

Technological Advancements: The advent of technology has also impacted Tanjore painting. Artists now have access to digital tools and software that aid in sketching, designing, and color selection. Digital platforms and social media have provided avenues for artists to showcase their work, connect with a global audience, and even sell their artwork online.

Contemporary Themes and Social Commentary: Some modern Tanjore artists use the art form as a means of social commentary and expression. They depict contemporary issues, cultural diversity, environmental concerns, and other relevant themes, using Tanjore painting techniques to convey their message.

Preservation and Promotion: Organizations, art institutions, and individual artists are actively involved in preserving and promoting the art of Tanjore painting. Workshops, exhibitions, art festivals, and collaborative projects are organized to showcase the art form to a wider audience and encourage its continued practice.

While embracing modernization, it is important to note that traditional Tanjore painting techniques, such as the application of gold leaf, semi-precious stones, and intricate details, are still highly valued and practiced by many artists. The modernization of Tanjore painting has allowed the art form to evolve and adapt to contemporary times, while maintaining its cultural and artistic significance.

Famous artist of Tanjore art:

There have been several renowned artists who have made significant contributions to the art of Tanjore painting. While it is challenging to list all of them, here are a few notable artists known for their expertise and influence in the field:

M. Narasimhachari: M. Narasimhachari, popularly known as M. N. Chari, is a highly respected Tanjore artist who has played a crucial role in reviving and promoting the art form. He has been recognized for his exceptional craftsmanship and skill in preserving the traditional techniques of Tanjore painting.

M. S. Selvaraj: M. S. Selvaraj is a well-known Tanjore artist who has contributed significantly to the development and popularization of the art form. His paintings showcase intricate details, vibrant colors, and meticulous craftsmanship. Selvaraj has received numerous awards for his exceptional work and has been instrumental in training and inspiring new generations of Tanjore artists.

Mahaveer Swami: Mahaveer Swami is a renowned Tanjore artist known for his expertise in creating intricate and exquisite Tanjore paintings. His artworks exhibit a harmonious blend of traditional techniques and contemporary aesthetics. Mahaveer Swami has conducted workshops and exhibitions both in India and abroad, contributing to the global recognition of Tanjore painting.

S. Gopinath: S. Gopinath is a prominent Tanjore artist known for his mastery of the art form. He has been honored with several awards and has showcased his artwork in prestigious exhibitions and galleries. Gopinath's paintings reflect his deep understanding of traditional Tanjore techniques while incorporating innovative elements.

N. Rajam: N. Rajam, a distinguished artist, has made significant contributions to the field of Tanjore painting. Her expertise lies in depicting the intricacies of jewelry and costumes in Tanjore paintings. Rajam's artworks have been exhibited widely, and she has been recognized with numerous accolades for her exceptional talent and contributions.

These are just a few examples of the many talented and renowned Tanjore artists. It is important to note that Tanjore painting is a living art form, and there are numerous contemporary artists who are actively contributing to its development and popularity.

 Famous Tanjore Art:

There are several famous Tanjore paintings that are considered iconic and celebrated for their artistic beauty and cultural significance. Here are a few well-known examples:

Brihadeeswarar Temple Tanjore Painting: This painting depicts the Brihadeeswarar Temple, also known as the Big Temple, located in Thanjavur. The artwork showcases the architectural grandeur of the temple, intricate carvings, and the majestic Shiva Lingam. This painting captures the essence of the historical and cultural significance of the temple.

Krishna-Radha Tanjore Painting: Tanjore paintings depicting Lord Krishna and Radha in their divine and romantic moments are quite popular. These paintings often showcase the playful interactions, love, and devotion between Krishna and Radha, accompanied by vibrant colors, intricate jewelry, and gold leaf embellishments.

Goddess Lakshmi Tanjore Painting: Depicting the goddess of wealth and prosperity, Tanjore paintings featuring Goddess Lakshmi are highly revered. These artworks portray Lakshmi in her divine form, seated on a lotus flower, with gold coins pouring from her hands. The painting embodies the blessings of abundance and prosperity.

Raja Ravi Varma-Inspired Tanjore Paintings: Raja Ravi Varma, a renowned Indian painter, had a significant influence on Tanjore painting. His iconic portraits and mythological scenes have been recreated in the Tanjore style. These paintings showcase the fusion of Ravi Varma's realistic approach with the rich textures, gold leaf, and intricate details characteristic of Tanjore art.

Maratha Court Tanjore Paintings: During the Maratha rule in Thanjavur, Tanjore painting flourished under the patronage of the Maratha kings. These paintings often depict the Maratha rulers, their court scenes, royal processions, and scenes from their daily lives. The Maratha Court Tanjore paintings provide a glimpse into the grandeur and opulence of the Maratha era. 

Dashavatara Tanjore Painting: The Dashavatara refers to the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu, and Tanjore paintings often depict these avatars. Each incarnation is intricately portrayed with elaborate ornamentation, distinct attributes, and symbolic elements, showcasing the divine manifestations of Lord Vishnu.

These are just a few examples of famous Tanjore paintings, and there are many other revered and celebrated artworks within the Tanjore painting tradition. Each painting reflects the artistic prowess, cultural heritage, and religious devotion associated with this renowned art form.

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